Liens tolerate environmental stresses utilizing is one of the applicable technologies in sustainable agriculture. Since occurrence of a suitable winter for studing and selection of cold/frost resistance on breeding materials is one year out of ten, therefore laboratory methods complementing field data provide a reasonable solution for this propose. This research was conducted in Khorasan Agri. Res. Center. Mashhad. Using RCBD in three replications during 1380-81. Treatments consisted of twenty promising genotypes of uniform regional yield trail (cold area). Genotypes suits low temperature regions will be introduced based on generated results from this investigation. Using CROWN FREEZING method, experimental genotypes were treated with -20. C temperature under controlled conditions. Survival percentage was computed. Results indicated that genotypes No.9 (C-78-9) and No.7 (C-78-7) had highest (98.33%) and lowest (66.67%) survival percentage respectively. The minimum CROWN Moisture Content was detected in line No. 9 (C-78-9) and there was no significant difference for the same trait between genotype No.7(C-78-7) and other superior genotypes. A high negative correlation (r=-0.701) was observed between survival percentage after exposing to frost and CROWN moisture content. Ear primordia development stage was one of the characters which had also a significant correlation with survival percentage (r=-0.619). Significant correlation between survival percentage and days to heading (r=-0.207) and days to physiological maturity (r =-0.028) was not observed. Correlation between survival percentage and collected cold damage data from experimental fields over five low temperature regional stations was highly significant (r=0.416), therefore it may be concluded that CROWN FREEZING Method and subsequent computing of survival percentage is a reliable method for estimating wheat frost/cold tolerance in natural conditions.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate 40 barley genotypes for CROWN FREEZING tolerance and some physiological traits under controlled conditions. In the first experiment, seeds were planted in pots in the greenhouse and the treatments were arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications. After acclimation, percent of tissue fresh and dry weight, water content and relative water loss were measured in each experimental unit. The second experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. FREEZING temperatures were considered as main plots and the genotypes as subplots. After acclimation of the genotypes in the growth chamber, seedling’s CROWNs were transferred to a freezer and were treated with different FREEZING temperatures. Then, percent survival of the CROWNs and consequently LT50 were determined. Analysis of variance of data showed significant differences among genotypes for percent water content of the CROWN, leaf and seedling and relative water loss. Mean LT50 of the genotypes was -10.140C. Genotypes Ec79-18, A1C84-9, A1C84-14 and Schulyer were more suitable than others in terms of physiological characters. Genotypes EC83-15, EC80-11, EC82-11, A1C84-15, Schulyer and EC79-18 and 3 had the highest CROWN survival rate and the lowest LT50. The correlation coefficient of percent dry weight of different tissues with percent CROWN survival were positive and significant. Furthermore, negative significant correlation of percent CROWN survival with percent leaf and seedling water content and with relative water loss were observed. However, the correlations were not strong.

In order to determine the genetics of barley lines for FREEZING resistance based on CROWN survival percentage an experiment was carried out as a split plot design on the basis of randomized complete blocks with two replications. Forty barley lines were assigned in subplots and five FREEZING temperatures (-8, -11, -13, -15 and -17oC) were allocated in main plots. The results showed significant differences among lines at the temperatures -8, -11 and -13oC. Analysis of variance of the data based on randomized complete block design showed significant differences among lines for LT50, leaf fresh weight, percentage of leaf dry weight, percentage of CROWN dry weight, percentage of leaf water content, percentage of CROWN water content, percentage of seedling water content, leaf relative water loss and the amount of proline after hardening. The heritability of LT50, percentage of leaf dry weight, percentage of leaf water content, percentage of seedling water content and amount of proline after hardening were high and amount of proline after hardening had the largest squared genetic coefficient of variation. Grouping of barley lines based on LT50 and survival percentage at the temperatures -8, -11, -13 and -15oC, determined line 36 (Schulyer cultivar) as the most FREEZING tolerant and based on physiological characters indicated the lines 9 (with the pedigree of Alger/(CI10117/Choyo..), 31 (Makouee cultivar) and 15 (with the pedigree of K-096M3) as the more desirable genotypes.

Background. Periodontal surgery has a major role in aesthetic dentistry. Main indications for aesthetic CROWN lengthening of anterior teeth are excessive gingival exposure or “ gummy smile” appearance, to expose the anatomic CROWN of teeth, reduce asymmetry between contralateral teeth, and reduce gingival exposure. The preservation of biologic width space following aesthetic procedures demands the existence of clearly defined therapeutic objectives Methods. Indications for surgery and different surgical techniques will be explained as well identifying the problem Results. Different indications are illustrated with cases to show the surgical treatment approach to improve the esthetic appearance for each condition. Conclusions. Aesthetic CROWN Lengthening is a predictable surgery.

Background. Dental esthetic has become a popular topic among all disciplines in dentistry. There is a notable relationship between a person’ s attractiveness and amount of gingival show. Excessive gingival display and discrepant gingival margins has a negative impact on a pleasant smile and also on one’ s self-confidence. Esthetic CROWN lengthening is used to alter the gingival labial profile. This procedure is indicated to reduce gingival exposure or asymmetry between contralateral teeth. It is important to consider parameters of ideal gingival labial positions. Esthetic analysis that is included, facial, dental and dentogingival, should be done before beginning of treatment. The aim of this study is to review the related studies and gather information on esthetic parameters of ideal gingival labial positions and classification of CROWN-lengthening procedures. Methods. This study is based on articles found in PubMed database, published in 2014 and later. The keywords for this research were esthetic CROWN lengthening, gummy smile, gingivectomy, and periodontal surgery. Results. In order to perform a successful treatment, having the knowledge on classification and treatment sequence of CROWN-lengthening procedures with their indication and contraindications, is critical. Esthetic CROWN lengthening classification: I. Gingival reduction only without osseous resection II. Gingival reduction with osseous resection Both of these techniques can be performed by gingivectomy or apically positioned flap. This decision is made on the basis of amount of keratinized gingiva. Gingival reduction only is rarely used because bone reduction is usually needed to achieve ideal treatment. Conclusions. Dentists should be aware patients of benefits of cosmetic dental rehabilitation. The evaluation of each case is the most important step to achieve proper treatment plan and choose correct technique for CROWN Lengthening. Therefore, the patient esthetic demand will be perceived in the best way.

It should now be beyond doubt that blastocyst culture results in better pregnancy rate (PR). This calls for fewer embryos to be transferred, and indeed blastocyst culture is of most value when the intention is to put back one embryo at a time.The PR with one top-grade blastocyst is 45-65% in different studies. If two top-grade blastocysts are transferred, the PR usually does not differ, but the rate of multiples increases manyfold. Given a good FREEZING programme, the cumulative PR after one fresh and one frozen single blastocyst transfer exceeds that of a fresh two-blastocyst transfer.Culture can be done open, or in drops under oil. The use of a low-oxygen (”three-gas”) incubator is beneficial.ET shall be performed on day 5. PR decreases if fresh ET is done on day 6, but embryos frozen on day 5 or day 6 perform equally when transferred in a freeze-thaw cycle.Preferrably, this should be a spontaneous or a FSH stimulated cycle. Oestrogen / progesteron cycles may result in a higher rate of miscarriages.Only top-grade or next to top-grade blastocysts should be frozen to ensure good results. The fact that there are fewer day 5 embryos to be frozen than after 2-3 days culture is an advantage rather than the opposite, as the PR per embryo is higher.Puncturing of the expanded blastocyst is crucial and can be done just as well with a needle as by laser. Most studies have shown that vitrification is superior to slowFREEZING, but these studies often have surprisingly poor results for slow-FREEZING with low surviving rates and low PR. At our unit, 76% of thawed blastocysts survive and are transferred with a PR after transfer of a single blastocyst of 56%, which is the same as the comparable fresh transfer.Where three or more embryos are transferred, there is no advantage of blastocyst culture. Indeed, it only results in even more multiple pregnancies.

Maintaining the nutritional quality and preserving pomegranate seeds is a major challenge due to the fast degradation of the texture, color and overall quality of pomegranate seeds. In order to investigate the FREEZING of coated pomegranate seeds with chitosan and determine its quality during FREEZING storage, an experiment was conducted, in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors were: chitosan at three levels (0, 1 and 2%), FREEZING temperature at two levels (-14 °-24 ° C) and time at 5 different storage times (14 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, and 120 days). The highest tissue firmness was observed for 14 days of storage under both chitosan concentrations. Interaction of different levels of chitosan coating and time had an increasing effect on the color component changes, so that the most color changes in the brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) was related to the use of chitosan coating 2%, were maintained at 60 days. The highest total soluble solids were related to 1% chitosan under 4 months of storage at-14° C. Maximum total acidity (1. 36 mg / L) was also attributed to coated pomegranate seeds during 120 days of storage under both FREEZING temperatures of-14° C and-24° C. The results of mean compares showed that the total phenol stability under FREEZING temperature was higher at-14° C and after 120 days of storage, more phenol content was observed in the seeds in-24 C. The overall results indicated a positive effect of chitosan on maintaining the quality of pomegranate seeds during FREEZING, and the FREEZING temperature of-24 ° C with decreasing color changes during storage, played an important role in reducing metabolic activity and reducing anthocyanin degradation and was effective in maintaining fruit quality.

The grasses cold tolerance is the most important limiting factor for its cultivation in temperate regions, so using cold tolerant cultivars is essential for grasses successful cultivation. In order to evaluation FREEZING stress tolerance of several species of grasses, this study was conducted in Agricultural faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as a factorial complete randomized block design with three replications. Experimental factors included six types of grasses and 14 FREEZING temperatures. To assess grasses cold tolerance, electrolyte leakage test and LT50 for leaf and CROWN tissues was used. The results showed that reduction of FREEZING temperature, increased electrolyte leakage percent from leaf and CROWN tissues and difference between the grasses was significant. The effect of FREEZING temperatures on electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue was higher than the CROWN. Maximum level of electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue (at -16.5 oC) was 90 percent, while the maximum leakage from CROWN tissue (at -18 oC) was 76 percent. Based on leaf LT50, ecotype Mahalat and Bermudagrass were the most cold sensitive and Starlet and ecotype Yarand were the most cold tolerant grasses.The CROWN electrolyte leakage and LT50 were different between grasses significantly. Accordingly, CROWN electrolyte leakage percent was minimum for Starlet and maximum for Mahalat and CROWN LT50 index was minimum for Mahalat and maximum for Yarand.